The Ethical Dilemma of a Police Officer Essay - 1333 Words

The Ethical Dilemma of a Police Officer Professions are guided by codes of ethics to aid them in performance of their duties and to ensure maintenance of high standards of conduct. Police officers are faced with a maze of obligations in the performance of their official duties. The â€Å"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics† and â€Å"Canons of Police Ethics† were created to make explicit the conduct considered appropriate for police officers and to guide them in the performance of their duties. Although police have these guides, many are faced with ethical dilemmas, also known as a moral dilemmas. This mean the officer is challenged to make a decision which sometimes conflicts with societal and personal ethical morals and values and provide no†¦show more content†¦Police officers take an oath to protect and serve the community. The community looks to police as a leader. I believe leaders set the standards, so police officers should be held to higher standards than the general public. Police officers ar e considered to be at the top of the organization chart. A wise saying states, â€Å"If the head (brain) is not working correctly the other parts of the body is lost.† The police are considered to be the head and the community is the other part. How could they enforce the laws that have been set by the government if they had no ethics and morals? There would be complete turmoil through the country. Police officers are trained to read, write and analyze numbers. They are also trained how to handle firearms, identify non-lethal weapons, use defensive tactics effective, conduct search and seizure, driving techniques, investigate criminal acts and the laws of arrest, but how many police take a course on ethical conduct or learn the meaning of sworn oath? Some police officer feel ethics is not important and training is of low – priority. Law enforcement officers take oaths creates an ethical landmine. Officers have to weigh their personal values against colleague demands that may develop a hostile environment and cause ethical issues to flourish. When police officers demonstrate unethical practices, negative issues occur. Corruption scandals are painful reminders that officers need moreShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of Police Officers2117 Words   |  9 Pagesfor police officers whose work should always inspired confidence among the communities they serve and protect. I n fact, one of the core values that police officers ought to uphold at all times is inspiring public trust. A huge percentage of police officers use their positions and authority to serve the public while upholding the highest standards of ethics at all times. However, on most occasions, just like in any other profession, law enforcers are faced with a multitude of ethical dilemmas. EthicalRead MoreCorrelation Between The Police Shooting And The Violent Crime Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesthe police shooting and the violent crime is alarming. The majority of the American police officers is characterized by the extreme deadly usage of force. It has been reported that the number of police shootings has increased from 465 to 491 over the last six months of the year 2015. On the other hand, the police officers have also been on the receiving end. They have also been shot and sometimes killed while on duty. Over the same period, the country has also witnessed a number of officers prose cutedRead MoreDishonest Officers: An Ethical Dilemma905 Words   |  4 PagesDishonest Officers: In past decade, one of the major issues that law enforcement agencies have struggled with is the effect of officer dishonesty on his/her ability to act as a witness in court proceedings. This is largely because the dishonest officers are normally subject to impeachment of their credibility by their previous conduct of dishonesty. Therefore, law enforcement agencies have an evolving responsibility to disclose information to prosecutors regarding the dishonesty of the officer beforeRead MoreEthical Dillemmas in Crash Essay880 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Dilemmas in Crash Its the sense of touch. In any real city, you walk, you know? You brush past people, people bump into you. In L.A., nobody touches you. Were always behind this metal and glass. I think we miss that touch so much, that we crash into each other, just so we can feel something. The film Crash follows multiple stories interweaving all surrounding an initial car crash. The film also attacks stereo types and teaches you lifes lesson of never judging a book by its coverRead MoreEthical Dilemma Paper801 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Dilemma Paper CJA 324 Ethics in Criminal Justice Police officers are held at a higher form of ethical behavior and when they violate the trust bestowed upon them with the position they held, they entire department is viewed as a r corrupt agencies and all they service within that agency are bad people. Their professional responsibilities are driven by codes of ethics to assist them in executing their duties and to safeguard these higher standards of conduct. Everyday law enforcementRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of The Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics1309 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract An ethical dilemma is an intricate situation that in most cases involves a mental conflict between moral obligations, in which to observe one would result in disobeying another. Tony, do not get Johnny in trouble.† The first order given to Tony Denardo by the sergeant is going to be the most significant, life-changing order that was given; unfortunately for Johnny the order was ignored. Throughout the scenario, there are instances where Tony takes Johnny under his wing and teaches him byRead MoreEthics in Criminal Justice1652 Words   |  7 PagesNumber Project Number March 18, 2012 Ethical Dilemma 1 In order to answer this scenario, I need to look at the underlying ethical system and the moral rules leading to my judgment. As in many scenarios, there are conflicting moral rules that could justify different judgments. While police officers are supposed to enforce laws, they are also primarily expected to protect life and property (Nakate, 2011). Public safety is the primary concern of police officers. Therefore, unless a law involves mandatoryRead MoreRodney King955 Words   |  4 PagesTurnitin gave a grade of 4% similarity. | Unethical Behavior of Police Brutality | Ethical Behavior In Criminal Justice | | Yasmen Sarter | 11/18/2012 | This paper is to the best of my ability. | From the perspective of law, excessive physical force most clearly constitutes police brutality, a term often applied loosely to various forms of police misconduct (Holmes, 2000). Over the years, police brutality continues to be an issue of concern all across the world and the need forRead MoreModern Law Enforcement Of The London Metropolitan Police District1231 Words   |  5 PagesLondon Metropolitan Police district in 1829. With the creation of this new force, the British hoped to target the increasing rate of crime. Factors in this are the urban growth, unchecked immigration, increasing poverty level, radical political groups, and unsupervised juveniles. A perfect example for traditional American policing derives from principles created by the first chief of the Metropolitan Police, Sir Robert Peel. The said principles include proper training of officers, a thorough recruitmentRead MoreThe Moral Makeup Of Ethics Essay1415 Words   |  6 PagesIn every profession, ethics plays a n integral role. It is the moral makeup that dictates an individual’s behaviors, values, and principles (Banks, 2012). When confronted with a dilemma, one’s ethics will determine what decision they make. Depending whether the choice is ethical, they may be graciously rewarded, or face dire consequences. However, ethics is often never that transparent. The morally right choice may be the unfavorable one, while the unethical choice is advantageous. Despite the

Achilles Slaughtered The Greatest Trojan Hero Essay

Achilles slaughtered the greatest Trojan hero, Hector and singlehandedly changed the tide of the battle. Achilles was a marvelous Greek hero, but his accomplishments were minor compared to his friend Odysseus. He also accrued glory and fame in the Trojan War but in addition went on to write history in an epic journey all across the Mediterranean to get home to his family. Odysseus acquired more kleos than any other Greek hero in Homer’s epics. In the Greek’s eyes, kleos was the measure of a man. Unlike modern western civilization, the Ancient Greeks didn’t believe in immortality through an afterlife, but naturally, they still sought something permanent, something to give them a purpose in life. They fulfilled this psychological need by creating a glorious legacy, and achieving kleos in the eyes of their peers in order to â€Å"†¦measure one’s value to others and to oneself,† (Charles Segal, 22). In fact, in the Greek’s tales, the amount of kleos they achieved â€Å"†¦was more important than life itself,† (Charles Segal, 22). Many heroes attain kleos in Homer’s literature, but none so much as Odysseus. His main competitors, the other prominent Homeric epic heroes, are Agamemnon, Menelaus, Diomedes, Hector, Aeneas and of course, Achilles. While all of these heroes were praised for their actions, a few stand above the rest. Menelaus, Diomedes, and Hector were incredibly skilled soldiers and heroes, but their claims to kleos are based solely on their battlefield accomplishmentsShow MoreRelatedAchilles, Agamemnon and Hektor, Three Great Heroes with Different Characteristics.1485 Words   |  6 PagesAchilles, Agamemnon and Hektor, three great heroes with different characteristics. In the center of ancient Greek history are the big heroes, Gods and Goddesses but one of the heroes described with mastery is Achilles the Greek hero who is not described with disdain like other Greek heroes but with more love. The wrath of Achilles and the death of Hector, the biggest hero amongst Trojans, are described with rare mastery and love for Achilles despite the fact that he commits a cruel deed by killingRead MoreAchilles Slaughtered The Great Trojan Hero Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesAchilles slaughtered the great Trojan hero, Hector and single-handedly changed the tide of the battle. He was a marvelous Greek hero, but his accomplishments paled in comparison to his friend Odysseus. In addition to accruing glory and fame in the Trojan War, Odysseus went on to write history in an epic journey all across the Mediterranean to return to his family. Odysseus acquired more kleos than any other Greek hero in Homer’s epics. The Greeks considered kleos to be the measure of a manRead MoreAchilles : A Tragic Hero1604 Words   |  7 Pagesonly the story of the last year of the Trojan War, but also the tale of the hero Achilles. In the Iliad, Achilles is a very complex hero who, known for his rage, determines both his own destiny and the fate of a nation and its people. Achilles may be remembered for his anger, but that doesn’t define who he is as a character. Achilles has both good reasons and good intentions as to why he chooses to react in anger. The speaker only elaborates about how Achilles reacts in response to his rage to entertainRead MoreAchilles Shield Is Much More Than A Tale Of War And Glory2478 Words   |  10 PagesAchilles shield is much more than a tale of war and glory. Within the text, lies the struggles of life and death and the relationships between a god with a man, earth and the heavens, and a boy with his mother. This is the tale of the, birth, life, and death of one of the greatest heros ever to live. However was his status worth his life? Is death a worthy price for eternal life in legend and song? Is it wrong for a mother to let her son die, for an ultimately pointless cause, to let him give hisRead MoreThe Iliad, Odyssey, And Epic Of Gilgamesh1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iliad, Odyssey, and Epic of Gilgamesh all demonstrate the transformational process of their respective epic heroes through their strengths and weaknesses. Epic heroes such as Achilles, Odysseus, and Gilgamesh all possessed superior qualities that separated them from other individuals. Although their incredible abilities may support the societal perception of strong leadership, their weaknesses caused these characters to hold vices that went against the cultural expectations of what a strong leaderRead MoreThe Epic Of The Trojan War Essay2260 Words   |  10 PagesThe Trojan War is one of the most legendary stories of warfare of all time. This war define the way Ancient Greek culture has been viewed up to the modern 21st century. Nothing is off limits in love and war, and the origin of the Trojan War help people realize the illimitable rules of life. The story of Prince Paris of Troy and Princess Helen, the once before wife of Sparta’s King Menelaus, exemplified true love and gruesome war tactics. As a result of this war, many lives were lost but the relentlessRead MoreWeakness Of Heroes In Macbeth1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe typical hero is ordinarily seen as strong, independent and courageous. While some may think heroes would gain strength and bravery from knowing their fate, knowing one’s future can actually lead to the destruction of a hero, no matter how invincible they are. Their downfall takes place because heroes allow this knowledge to run their actions in the most disastrous way possible. The so called heroes from books like â€Å"The Iliad† and â€Å"Macbeth† allow further insight to how this knowledge can beco meRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Iliad2165 Words   |  9 Pages Student’s Name Instructors’ Name Course Name Date Gilgamesh and Achilles as Portrayed in the Writings â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh† and â€Å"The Iliad† â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh† and â€Å"The Iliad† presented conflict between the ancient kings, the gods, and finest warriors with other ordinary community members. Throughout the writings Gilgamesh, the king of Uru Community, and Achilles, one of the greatest Greek warriors, struggled to resolve the conflicts between the gods and their community members. However, GilgameshRead MoreFilm Analysis Of Troy2026 Words   |  9 Pageslength is 186 minutes. It is loosely based on Homer s Iliad in its narration of the entire story of the decade-long Trojan War - condensed into little more than a couple of weeks - rather than just the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon in the ninth year. Achilles leads his Myrmidons along with the rest of the Greek army invading the historical city of Troy, defended by Hector s Trojan army. The end of the film (the sack of Troy) is not taken from the Iliad, but rather from Virgil s Aeneid as theRead MoreNotes On Ajax Life And Participation On The Trojan War 3814 Words   |  16 Pages6802944 AJAX (AIAS) ΑΙΑÎ £ For information on Ajax’ life and participation in the Trojan War, read the following secondary sources: †¢ Buxton: p. 135-137 (â€Å"The Iliad† and â€Å"To the fall of Troy† –see also images on the bottom of p. 137) †¢ Greek Mythology Link: http://www.maicar.com/GML/Ajax1.html Type your answers under each question (It is important that you include the questions. Do not omit them!) Ajax is Achilles’ first cousin, a handsome man and formidable warrior, is called the â€Å"wall† of Achaeans

Position Statement Critique National Competency

Question: Discuss about the Position Statement Critique for National Competency. Answer: Introduction: The position statement provided is well-structured with a clear introduction to the nursing competency standards related to the nursing research, as well as, a conclusion regarding the importance of funding for nursing research. As the topic of the paper is the availability of the funding over the next upcoming years for providing grant money for the nursing research and cooperative nursing research centers, the position statement is related to the topic and covers the importance of nursing research and why it should be funded. The national competency standards are the set of core standards for the registered nurse and is used for assessing the performance of the registered nurse. In this position statement, a clear link to the national competency standards for Registered Nurse have been made as while describing the importance of nursing research. The nursing standards 3.1, 3.2, and 7 are used to explain the relevance and importance of nursing research ("National competency standards for the registered nurse", n.d.). Moreover, the position statement also included few examples that provided a rationale how research in nursing can improve the quality of the provision of the nursing care services and its outcome on the patients. Though the position statement included that the use of extensive research has improved the outcomes of health care services on the patient, it could also include certain evidence regarding the effects of extensive research in the provision of evidence-based care. For instance, certain research has been made by various researchers that include how the evidence-based care has been improved by the use of nursing research and how they impact the attitudes and behavior of nurses in the health care setting ("American Association of Colleges of Nursing | Nursing Research", 2006) . It could include the experience of various nursing students who participated in the nursing research program and how they influenced them. The experiences of the nurse can be used as a real evidence for proving the importance of nursing research in the health care setting. One such study is carried by Martha et al., where they chronicled the learning experiences of the undergraduate nurses who were given an opportunity to participate in a funded project by the National Institute of Nursing Research. By using such experiences, the opportunities, benefits, responsibilities, as well as, outcomes of the nursing research on the nursing practice could be explained with more evidence and in a clear manner (Tingen, Murchison, Burnett, 2009). Moreover, the more evidence can be provided in support of the barriers in the carrying of nursing research and how funding can impact the support of evidence-based practice, which is a requisite and important parameter for registered nurses according to the national competency standards ("Nurse practitioner standards for practice", 2013). However, despite of these above mentioned evidences , the position statement has covered the importance of nursing research in the provision of healthcare setting and was successful in providing the evidences with the help of few examples that how the nursing research has benefitted the outcome of healthcare services on the patient and why funding should be provided in the nursing research. References American Association of Colleges of Nursing | Nursing Research. (2006).Aacn.nche.edu. Retrieved 7 September 2016, from https://www.aacn.nche.edu/publications/position/nursing-research. National competency standards for the registered nurse.Nursing And Midwifery Board Of Australia. Nurse practitioner standards for practice. (2013).Nursing And Midwifery Board Of Australia. Tingen, M., Murchison, R., Burnett, A. (2009). The Importance of Nursing Research.J Nurs Educ.,48(3), 167-170.

Tip of the Iceberg free essay sample

Tip of the Iceberg Kaplan University GB500: Business Perspectives Professor Boam January 2, 2012 Case Analysis: Tip of the Iceberg The Tip of the Iceberg is a humorous story that describes how unseen forces can affect the outcomes of a situation. The penguins lived on a small iceberg which hovered over a huge clam bed. The clam bed beneath the iceberg could provide food for the all of the penguins living on the iceberg for years to come. However, the clam bed was essentially useless because the penguins could not dive deep enough beneath the iceberg to retrieve the clams, but the walruses that lived nearby could. So, the penguins devised a system that could help them with their goal of harvesting the clam bed. The system included the iceberg, the clam bed, the penguins, and the walruses. The purpose of the system was to produce a new food source for both penguins and walruses (Hutchens, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Tip of the Iceberg or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The penguins met with the walruses and negotiated a protocol that basically stated that the walruses would harvest the clams and in return could eat all of the clams that they wanted but couldn’t eat the penguins. The system developed by the penguins sought stability by inviting the walruses to harvest the clams so penguins would never have to endure another harsh winter without food. Initially the system worked well and everyone was happy. The walruses brought up the clams and both walruses and penguins had plenty to eat. Other penguins heard about the iceberg and the â€Å"all-you-can eat† protocol between the walruses and penguins and soon showed up to enjoy the tasty clams. The penguins recruited more walruses so they could harvest even more clams and more penguins came to the iceberg. The system had entered a reinforcing process that escalated into a virtuous cycle. All of this worked well for a while, but soon infighting between the walruses and penguins occurred. Reports that walruses had sat on penguins caused many penguins to leave the iceberg. At first, it was thought that the infighting could be attributed to bad anners and citizenship (Hutchens, l. 172). To resolve the infighting, the penguins brought in a management consultant and urged everyone to attend sensitivity training. They also sent out memos reminding walruses to look before sitting, but none of this worked and even more penguins left the iceberg. Word soon spread throughout the region about the infighting and flattening o f penguins and neither penguins nor walruses came to the iceberg. The number of clams decreased because the number of walruses decreased and the appeal of the once popular iceberg was lost. The penguins were at a loss, they could not figure out what was wrong or how their well-intentioned efforts had led to such a social upheaval. Their initial efforts to resolve the infighting had resulted in even more chaos. The penguins reviewed their system and finally realized that they had not considered the iceberg in their system. The added weight created by recruiting even more walruses to retrieve clams had brought even more penguins to their tiny iceberg and caused the iceberg to start sinking. Disorder in the system had occurred, and the penguins were unable to recognize or interpret the feedback (Hutchens, 2011). Because the penguins did not immediately recognize the feedback, they were unable to take corrective action in a timely manner. The penguins had become trapped in a virtuous cycle where they believed that they were meeting their original goal of harvesting the clams and providing food for everyone just as they had promised. They continued to push the system and mistakenly believed that they had not reached the full capacity of the system (Hutchens, l. 74). They originally thought that they could increase the number of clams harvested if they invited more walruses to the iceberg. However, what they didn’t consider was how the population growth would affect the iceberg. The penguins failed to truly understand the system that they had created. Once they realized that the iceberg was sinking they took action.

How to Customize Your WordPress Login Page

Customizing your WordPress login page is certainly a cool thing! Its basically the last step on your way to white-labeling your WordPress website entirely.Two reasons why you might want to customize your WordPress login page:The obvious reason branding. With your logo featured right above the login form, your website no longer looks like something put together in an afternoon, but like a completely custom-built creation.Security. Having an additional security check on your WordPress login page will prevent hacker attacks and bots trying to break in.How to customize your WordPress login page?There are plenty  of free and premium plugins that can do this. To be honest, this is really easy, no matter which one you choose.Weve picked  3 of the most popular login customizer plugins around, installed them, and experimented with each one to show you how to quickly customize your WordPress login page.1. Custom Login CustomizerFrom our own catalog, this is a great free plugin. It is very easy to use and provides an awesome live customizer for  your WordPress login page, so you can see exactly how the final result is going to look like in real time.Using this plugin is really simple. All you need is to install it in your dashboard and activate it.Then, go to Appearance Login Customizer Start Customizing!The live customizer will open up, letting you do  all the  changes inside the sidebar to the left, and see the live preview to the right. Click on Login Customizer and start picking your desired options.You can upload your logo and set its size, choose a background color or image, pick the login forms background and size, the styling of the individual fields, the login button appearance, the colors, and you can even add custom CSS.I played around a little bit, and this is what I got:2. Custom Login PluginA popular WordPress login page customization plugin. It comes with an intuitive and friendly interface that lets you have a lot of fun while customizing your WordPress login page. Custom Login Plugin provides you with a very detailed range of options overall.Just install the plugin, activate it, and go to Settings Admin Custom Login. Enable the custom login and start experimenting with the customization variants offered by the plugin.There are lots of options here. You can change the background color and image, use a background slideshow for both the general background and the one inside the form. You can use up to 6 sliders, and you can also pick transition effects.You can also add custom social icons and import/export the plugins settings from/to somewhere else. Overall, a very friendly and playful experience with this plugin.  Heres what Ive managed to get:Note. You need to click on Save Changes every time you customize a certain tab.3. Custom Login Creator Login Page StylerA great and super friendly plugin when it comes to customizing your WordPress login page, being one of the highest rated plugins in its field. It has a playfu l and intuitive settings page, and offers lots of great options.Install the plugin, and look for Login Page Styler in your dashboard menu.But theres a problem.Despite its greatness, it also has many restrictions. For instance, you cant use background images if you dont switch to the pro version. You cant change the login form position, opacity, the hover settings for the buttons, the logo size, and many other things like that.Overall, the final result looks modern and engaging. But the restrictions in the free version make this plugin a little less functional than the two other ones here.The best plugin to customize your WordPress login page with?After experimenting with all three, I loved the way Custom Login Creator worked in the back-end. I loved how easily you can customize everything and the fact that it offers a modern, playful design.On the other hand, theres hardly anything in it if you dont want to pay for the pro version.Overall, all the three plugins kind of do the same t hing and I like them all.But.Custom Login Customizer has a lot of awesome features. First of all, it lets you customize your WordPress login page live, so you can see what it looks like after every small change you make, without having to open another tab to see the results separately. Secondly, there are security features available if youre willing to buy the add-on.So, if youre looking for a more functional solution that gives you a lot of stuff for free, Custom Login Customizer will suit you perfectly.But of course, since all three are free (in their standard versions) I encourage you to check them all out and see for yourself.Have you tested any of these plugins? Tell us what you think about them.

Organic Foods and the Endocrine System

Organic Foods and the Endocrine System Introduction The general population is always trying to get means to better their lives by ensuring good health and a suitable environment. Organic foods seem to provide amicable solutions to these two issues. The organic food production makes a huge contribution to supplementing of diets.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organic Foods and the Endocrine System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An interesting fact is that organic farming is also proving beneficial for the environment. Though there are certain aspects which need to be considered in respect to organic food production, it has generally been shown that organic farming better than inorganic farming. This paper is going to examine how organic foods aid the endocrine system in ensuring the wellbeing of the body in general. Organic Foods Organic foods refer to those foods produced with the use of â€Å"synthetic chemicals, genetically engineered mater ials, sewage sludge of irradiation† (NRDC 1). The livestock are also not spared in this campaign either since it is not only crops that provide food. The livestock must be reared with organic feed, in the outdoors and must not have any intakes that intend to influence their growth (FMI 1). For instance in the United States foods termed as organic â€Å"must meet or exceed the regulations of the National Organic Program (NOP)† (FMI 1) and also that of United States Department of Agriculture, USDA, (NRDC 1). This means that organic foods have to meet certain requirements without which they would not certified. The growing interest in organic foods is astounding, statistics as of 2007 showed that 1.2 million people were â€Å"organic producers† and 32.2 million hectares of land globally was certified for organic production (Oates et al. 2). An article in 2005 showed that 81% buy organic food for â€Å"nutritional† reasons, 77% for â€Å"freshness† whil e 67% to improve their health (FMI 1). It is even evident that there is diversity in reasons that lead to consumption of organic foods. What sparked interest in organic foods? Organic foods owe much of their popularity to people shunning foods that were produced in manners that harm the environment and put their health at risk since they depend on chemicals (NRDC 1). Many people are convinced that these foods can be used as measures taken in order to promote good health thus avoiding diseases in the long run (FMI 2). The environment is a beneficiary of organic production in the sense that since the use of pesticides and chemicals is decreased, then â€Å"local wildlife† is not affected and the farm proves to be more productive since they â€Å"produce less waste† (Birgenheier 1). The question then is how are organic systems connected to the endocrine system?Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Endocrine System The endocrine system is an internal system of glands in the human body (they are also found in animals) whose main work is to produce hormones (GreenFacts 1). These hormones are responsible for â€Å"reproduction, metabolism, growth and development† (Hormone 1). Examples of hormones include insulin and sex hormones i.e. oestrogen (in females) and testosterone (in males). Examples of the glands with various distinct functions in the body are: the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, pineal glands and the gonads i.e. ovaries and testes (GreenFacts 1). How the Endocrine System is affected by pesticides Pesticides and other chemicals normally used in farms results in their â€Å"residues† being present in the foods harvested and also in our surroundings i.e. air, water and soil (Ken 64). These toxins have been linked to â€Å"respiratory problems, neurological disorders, cancer and reproductive problems† (NRDC 1). Other undisputable evidences have been confirmed by researchers in different places: at the University of Missouri, research showed men in â€Å"agricultural areas† have a less sperm count compared to those in New York or Los Angeles, at the University of Rochester linked the use of a fungicide to Parkinson’s disease and at the University of Wisconsin, the effect pesticides and fertilizers on the immune and endocrine systems was established (Ken 65). These adverse effects imposed on our health cannot be overemphasized. The toxins will lead to what is known as the endocrine disruption which is the change experienced by the endocrine system as a result of a â€Å"foreign substance induced in the body† (GreenFacts 1). The endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the responsible agents of change and they affect our system in the following ways: they attach to the body’s â€Å"hormone receptors and mimic the hormone† (EDCs 1) resulting to the hormones not performing their work hence the body will either produce or stop the production of enzymes that will deal with the hormonal imbalance created (EDCs 1). Some diseases associated with this hormonal imbalance include: â€Å"cardiovascular endocrinology, diabetes, growth disorders, hormone abuse, menopause, osteoporosis, pituitary disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome, reproductive endocrinology, thyroid conditions† (Hormone 1) among others. Since there is an option out, then organic foods are the way to go and all efforts should be directed at suitable alternatives.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organic Foods and the Endocrine System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Way Forward There are challenges facing the organic production currently. Precise and exhaustible studies comparing organic foods and inorganic foods and their exact health effects a re yet to be fully carried out (Oates et al. 5). The current studies at best establish links and results obtained are not standard since they would differ with geographical location. Another challenge is the variation in â€Å"certification requirements† worldwide means there is lack of a set of standard of â€Å"uniformity† (Oates et al. 4). On the consumer’s side, organic foods cost more and otherwise it would even have had more popularity (FMI 6). Efforts are being put in place to counteract this, for example advertising is an effective tool that will definitely catch a consumer’s attention and have positive influence toward organic food consumption (FMI 6). Organic foods are also being incorporated in schools and restaurant menus as it continues to grow (FMI 6). Not all farmers need to seek certification provided they are practicing farming that aims at reducing environmental harm and health risks (NRDC 1). Conclusion Organic foods though expensive as of now, with more publicity and continuous use, the prices will come down and consequently enabling people to reap the benefits of its intake. Research pertaining to organic food production is essential in settling consumer’s minds who are accustomed to inorganic foods. Since they definitely prove to have lesser contents of use of pesticides and other fertilizers, people ought to resort to them as they almost guarantee no endocrine related diseases. Certification settles the consumer’s minds because it shows that the foods were made under strict regulations that have been adhered to. There is a need for more research to be carried out to prove that organic food production is not harmful to the body and if it is then way should be developed to make it safe for human consumption. EDCs. How EDCs affect our Endocrine System. Organic Food Directory, 2008. Web. organicfooddirectory.com.au/general-issues/endocrine-disrupting-chemicals/how-edc-affect-us.html FMI. Natural and Organic Foods. Food Marketing Institute, 2007. Web. fmi.org/media/bg/natural_organic_foods.pdfAdvertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More GreenFacts. Scientific Facts on Endocrine Disruptors. Green Facts, 2011. Web. greenfacts.org/en/endocrine-disruptors/l-2/endocrine-disruptors-1.htm#0 Hormone. The Endocrine System: Diseases Conditions. Hormone Foundation, 2011. Web. hormone.org/Public/conditions.cfm Ken, Rose. The Organic Food Handbook. New York, NY: Greenwood, n.d. Print. NRDC. The Benefits of organic Food. National Resources Defense Council, 2009. Web. nrdc.org/health/farming/forg101.asp Oates et al. Human Consumption of Agricultural Toxicants from Organic and Conventional Foods. Organic System, 2009. Web.. organic-systems.org/journal/Vol_4%281%29/pdf/48-57_Oates_Cohen.pdf

Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning to Circulate to all employees Essay

Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning to Circulate to all employees - Essay Example Jane Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, Inc may segment the market based on: income, age gender, occupation and marital status (Lamb, Charles, Joseph and Carl D, pp 403). Whereby, the market may be segmented on the bases of income, for example; low income earners and higher income earners may be served under different markets segments (Strydom, pp 161-164). Additionally, Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, may segment their market based on marital status whereby, the company may offer products and services for married and unmarried customer (Pride, William and Ferell, pp159-162). Connectively, the company may segment the market and products based on the age. Whereby, young and elderly people may be served under different market segments (Pride, William and Ferell, pp159-162). In above connection, Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories may segment the market based on gender for instance they may offer products for Male and female under different market segments (Pride, William and Ferell, pp159-162).Below is a figure showing strategies that Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, Inc may utilize to segment their market; Additionally, Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, Inc may consider the various types of segmentation that may suit their needs. The basic types of market segmentation include; geographical segmentation where the market is divided into states, counties, towns, provinces to name just but a few (Lamb, Charles, Joseph and Carl D, pp124-126). The diagram below indicates how Jane Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, Inc may apportion the market using geographical segmentation. Source: Authour In above connection, the company may apply behavioral segmentation whereby, customers with similar behavior may be served within the same market, for instance loyal customers may be served together (Lamb, Charles, Joseph and Carl D, pp124-126). The company may utilize psycho graphical type segmentation whereby; the market may be apportioned based on customers taste, attitude, values and their interest as shown in the diagram below (Strydom, PP 160-163). Source : . Targeting ap pertains a marketing concept utilized by marketers in identify a group of customers who have the same interest in order to serve them adequately (Pride, William and Ferrell, pp, 158-159).

Music 1920-1980 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Music 1920-1980 - Essay Example e main changes in music and understanding why it altered through each time frame also builds deeper knowledge about the evolution of music and how it changes because of the external environment and philosophies from individual artists. The purpose of this paper is to examine the main ways in which the music of the 1920s – 1980s changed and transformed. Specifically, there will be a relation to the alterations in popular music and how this changed because of the external environment and the internal philosophies of music. The objectives of this paper will enhance this with: The main objectives are defined by creating a deeper understanding and analysis of music between the 1920s and 1980s while discovering how it evolved between time frames. This will enhance the overall understanding of how music has changed between time frames and what the main factors are with this change. Music that began to emerge in the 1920s differed from what was known in the past, specifically because of alterations which were being made in society. The social influences began to change first with the social changes between generations that began in the 1920s. The first change was based on social groups that began to arise, all which identified with music, fashion and popular culture as a way of creating a sense of identity. Jazz, blues and other forms of music were an example of how this arose. Many considered this the music of the African – Americans during this time and created a different sense of preferences with those in the group. The music was able to create a sense of identity because of the struggles which it identified as belonging specifically to those who were a part of the group. This was combined with attitudes, actions and other concepts which followed, all which were based on similar social influences which were a part of the generations and the social st igma of the time (Smith, 43). The concepts that were associated with social groups were furthered as

Immigration from Africa to Europe Research Paper

Immigration from Africa to Europe - Research Paper Example In the recent time, labor migrants and asylum seekers have shaped migration to these countries. For many centuries, Europe was a leading contributor of migration to other places. This was the case from 1500 to 1800. In contrast, migration from other places to Europe was limited. This was the case until the First World War as only few of Amerindians, Africans, and Asians moved to Europe due to lack of money (Emmer and Lucassen 1). Others were restricted by immigration restrictions, especially those restricting migrants from the colonies. In Europe, there were fewer barriers to immigrants. This moved to other areas to check for business and investments opportunities. This gave them opportunity to increase their income and their life expectancy, at least in non-tropical countries (Emmer and Lucassen 1). In some European countries, they developed legal instruments that enabled citizens without savings to migrate to other continents. These forms of assistance were not available to non-Eur opeans. For this reasons, most of the non-Europeans only came to Europe as slaves. In the southern part of Europe, slaves were available due to the Arab congest. On the other hand, slaves in North-Western Europe were the one who accompanied their masters when visiting Europe. This paper seeks to explore on immigration from Africa to Europe. ... In addition, the Italian cities employed slaves from the eastern part of Europe in their countries and colonies (Emmer and Lucassen 1). The demand of slaves continued to increase than before, as more sugarcane was grown. As a result, African salves began to replace slaves from the east due to growth of Turkey blocked the regular slave trade routes. The other factor that contributed their attention to Africa was because the Muslims and Christians prisoners of war were no longer available. This prompted thousands of African slaves brought to Portugal, Spain, and Sicily, where they worked as domestic slaves or artisans and in agriculture (Emmer and Lucassen 1). Hundreds of thousand Africans moved to Europe in the 16th century. Other Africans were forced to grow sugar canes in Southern Spain and Portugal (Emmer and Lucassen 1). Moreover, a few Africans were brought to Europe through the new world; some of them had been born in the America. These immigrants were accompanying their master while they retained their slave place in Europe. In the middle of the 18th century, London had about 15,000 Africans (Emmer and Lucassen 1). However, at this time the numbers of Africans in Europe were small. Some of the abandoned slaves fought successful legal battles not to be taken back to West Indies. These legal cases established that forced migration had no legal basis in British law. On the other hand, Dutch and French laws did not recognize slavery, and this made it difficult for slave masters to move to these countries accompanied by their slaves (Emmer and Lucassen 1). The end of the 18th century saw few non-Europeans relocate to Europe due to the end of slavery. The migration to Europe rose significantly in the 20th century. The

Data storage in Big Data Context: A Survey

Data storage in Big Data Context: A Survey Data storage in Big Data Context: A Survey A.ELomari, A.MAIZATE*, L.Hassouni# RITM-ESTC / CED-ENSEM, University Hassan II Abstract- As data volumes to be processed in all domains; scientific, professional, social à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc., are increasing at a high speed, their management and storage raises more and more challenges. The emergence of highly scalable infrastructures has contributed to the evolution of storage management technologies. However, numerous problems have emerged such as consistency and availability of data, scalability of environments or yet the competitive access to data. The objective of this paper is to review, discuss and compare the main characteristics of some major technological orientations existing on the market, such as Google File System (GFS) and IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS) or yet on the open source systems such as Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), Blobseer and Andrew File System (AFS), in order to understand the needs and constraints that led to these orientations. For each case, we will discuss a set of major problems of big data storage management, and how they were addressed in order to provide the best storage services. Introduction Todays, the amount of data generated during a single day may exceed the amount of information contained in all printed materials all over the world. This quantity far exceeds what scientists have imagined there are just a few decades. Internet Data Center (IDC) estimated that between 2005 and 2020, the digital universe will be multiplied by a factor of 300, so it will pass from 130 Exabyte to 40,000 Exabyte, the equivalent of   more than 5,200 gigabytes for each person in 2020   [[i]]. The traditional systems such as centralized network-based storage systems (client-server) or the traditional distributed systems such as NFS, are no longer able to respond to new requirements in terms of volume of data, high performance, and evolution capacities. And besides their cost, a variety of technical constraints are raised, such as data replication, continuity of services etc.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   In this paper, we try to discuss a set of technologies used in the market and that we think the most relevant and representative of the state of the art in the field of distributed storage systems. What is Distributed File systems (DFS) A distributed file system (DFS) is a system that allows multiple users to access, through the network, a file structure residing on one or more remote machines (File Servers) using a similar semantics to that used to access the local file system. This is a client / server architecture where data is distributed across multiple storage spaces usually called nodes. These nodes consist of a single or a small number of physical storage disks residing usually in basic equipment, configured to only provide storage services. As such, the material can be relatively low cost. As the material used is generally inexpensive and by large quantities, failures become unavoidable. Nevertheless, these systems are designed to be tolerant to failure by having recourse to data replication which makes the loss of one node an event of minimal emergency because data is always recoverable, often automatically, without any performance degradation. A. Andrew File System(AFS) architecture AFS (or OpenAFS currently) is a standard distributed file system originally developed by Carnegie Mellon University. It is supported and developed as a product by Transarc Corporation (now IBM Pittsburgh Labs). It offers a client-server architecture for federated file sharing and distribution of replicated read-only content [[ii]]. AFS offers many improvements over traditional systems. In particular, it provides the independence of the storage from location, guarantees system scalability and transparent migration capabilities.As shown in Figure 1, the distribution of processes in AFS can be summarized as follows: A process called Vice is the backbone of information sharing in the system; it consists of a set of dedicated file servers and a complex LAN. A process called Venus runs on each client workstation; it mediates access to shared files [[iii]]. Figure 1 : AFS Design . AFS logic assumes the following hypothesis [[iv]]: Shared files are rarely updated and local user files will remain valid for long periods. An allocation of a large enough local disk cache, for example 100 MB, can keep all users files. Using the client cache may actually be a good compromise to system performance, but it will only be effective if the assumptions adopted by AFS designers are respected, otherwise this can make a huge issue for data integrity. B. Google File System (GFS) architecture Another interesting approach is that proposed by GFS, which is not using special cache at all. GFS is a distributed file system developed by Google for its own applications. Google GFS system (GFS cluster) consists of a single master and multiple Chunkservers (nodes) and is accessed by multiple clients, as shown in Figure 2 [[v]].Each of these nodes is typically a Linux machine running a server process at a user level. Figure 2 : GFS Design The files to be stored are divided into pieces of fixed size called chunks. The Chunkservers store chunks on local disks as Linux files. The master maintains all metadata of the file system. The GFS client code uses an application programming interface (API) to interact with the master regarding transactions related to metadata, but all communications relating to the data themselves goes directly to Chunkservers. Unlike AFS, neither the client nor the Chunkserver use a dedicated cache. Customers caches, according to Google, offer little benefit because most applications use large which are too big to be cached. On the other hand, using a single master can drive to a bottleneck situation. Google has tried to reduce the impact of this weak point by replicating the master on multiple copies called shadows which can be accessed in read-only even if the master is down. C. Blobseer architecture Blobseer is a project of KerData team, INRIA Rennes, Brittany, France[[vi]]. The Blobseer system consists of distributed processes (Figure 3), which communicate through remote procedure calls (RPC). A physical node can run one or more processes and can play several roles at the same time. Figure 3 : Blobseer Design Unlike Google GFS, Blobseer do not centralize access to metadata on a single machine, so that the risk of bottleneck situation of this type of node is eliminated. Also, this feature allows load balancing the workload across multiple nodes in parallel. D. Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is a component of Apach Hadoop project [[vii]]. HDFS is highly fault-tolerant and is designed to be deployed on low-cost hardware. As shown in figure 4, HDFS stores file system metadata and application data separately. As in other distributed file systems, HDFS stores metadata on a dedicated server, called the NameNode. Application data are stored on other servers called DataNodes [[viii]]. Figure 4: HDFS Design There is one NameNode per cluster and it makes all decisions regarding replication of blocks [[ix]]. Data Storage as blob The architecture of a distributed storage system must take into consideration how files are stored on disks. One smart way to make this possible is to organize these data as objects of considerable size. Such objects, called Binary Large Objects (BLOBs), consist of long sequences of bytes representing unstructured data and can provide the basis for a transparent data sharing of large-scale. A BLOB can usually reach sizes of 1 Tera Byte (TB). Using BLOBs offers two main advantages: The Scalability: Maintaining a small set of huge BLOBs including billions of small items is much easier than directly managing billions of small ones. The simple mapping between the application data and file names can be a big problem compared to the case where the data are stored in the same BLOB and that only their offsets must be maintained. The Transparency: A data management system based on shared BLOBs, uniquely identifiable through ids, relieves application developers of the burden of explicit management and transfer of their locations on the codes. The system thus offers an intermediate layer that masks the complexity of access to data wherever it is stored physically [[x]]. Data striping Data striping is a well-known technique for increasing the data access performances. Each BLOB or file is divided into small pieces that are distributed across multiple machines on the storage system. Thus, requests for access to data may be distributed over multiple machines in parallel way, allowing achieving high performances.Two factors must be considered in order to maximize the benefits of this technique: Configurable strategy of distribution of chunks: Distribution strategy specifies where to store the chunks to achieve a predefined goal. For example, load balancing is one of the goals that such strategy can allow. Dynamic configuration of the size of the chunks: If the chunks size is too small, applications would have to retrieve the data to be processed from several chunks. On the other hand, the use of too large chunks will complicate simultaneous access to data because of the increasing probability that two applications require access to two different data but both stored on the same chunk. A lot of systems that use this type of architecture, such as GFS and Blobseer use a 64 MB sized chunks, which seems to be the most optimized size for those two criteria. concurrency Processing concurrency is very dependent on the nature of the desired data processing and of the nature of data changes. For example, Haystack system that manages Facebook pictures which never changes [[xi]], will be different from Google GFS or IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS) which are managing a more dynamic data. The lock method is used by many DFS to manage concurrency and IBM GPFS has developed a more effective mechanism that allows locking a byte range instead of whole files/blocks (Byte Range Locking) [[xii]]. GFS meanwhile, offers a relaxed consistency model that supports Google highly distributed applications, but still relatively simple to implement. Blobseer developed a more sophisticated technique, which theoretically gives better results. The snapshot approach using versioning that Blobseer brings is an effective way to meet the main objectives of maximizing competitive access [[xiii]]. The disadvantage of such a mechanism based on snapshots, is that it can easily explode the required physical storage space. However, although each write or append generates a new version of the blob snapshot, only the differential updates from previous versions are physically stored. DFS Benchmark As we have detailed in this article, generally there is no better or worse methods for technical or technological choices to be adopted to make the best of a DFS, but rather compromises that have to be managed to meet very specific objectives. In Table 2, we compare five distributed file systems: GFS, GPFS, HDFS, AFS and Blobseer. Choosing to compare only those specific systems despite the fact that the market includes dozens of technologies is led particularly by two points: 1. It is technically difficult to study all systems in the market in order to know their technical specifications, especially as several of them are proprietary and closed systems. Even more, the techniques are similar in several cases and are comparable to those of the five we compared. 2. Those five systems allow making a clear idea about the DFS state of the art thanks to the following particularities: GFS is a system used internally by Google, which manage huge quantities of data because of its activities. GPFS is a system developed and commercialized by IBM, a global leader in the field of Big Data HDFS is a subproject of HADOOP, a very popular Big Data system Blobseer is an open source initiative, particularly driven by research as it is maintained by INRIA Rennes. AFS is a system that can be considered as a bridge between conventional systems such as NFS and advanced distributed storage systems. In Table 2, we compare the implementation of some key technologies in those five systems. Analysis of the results of Table 2 leads to the following conclusions: The five systems are expandable in data storage. Thus, they cover one of the principal issues that lead to the emergence of Distribute File System. Only Blobseer and GPFS offer the extensibility of metadata management to overcome the bottleneck problem of the master machine, which manage the access to metadata. Except AFS, all studied systems are natively tolerant to crash, relying essentially on multiple replications of data. To minimize the lag caused by locking the whole file, GPFS manage locks on specific areas of the file (Byte range locks). But the most innovative method is the use of versioning and snapshots by Blobseer to allow simultaneous changes without exclusivity. Except AFS, all systems are using the striping of data. As discussed earlier; this technique provides a higher input / output performance by striping blocks of data from individual files over multiple machines. Blobseer seems to be the only one among the systems studied that implements the storage on blobs technique, despite the apparent advantages of such technique. To allow a better scalability, a DFS system must support as much operating systems as possible. But while AFS, HDFS and GPFS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ supports multiple platforms, GFS and Blobseer run exclusively on Linux, this can be explained partly by the commercial background of AFS, HDFS and GPFS. Using a dedicated cache is also a point of disagreement between systems. GFS and Blobseer consider that the cache has no real benefits, but rather causes many consistency issues. AFS and GPFS uses dedicated cache à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹on both client computers and servers. HDFS seems to use dedicated cache only at client level. Conclusion In this paper, we reviewed some specifications of distributed file storage systems. It is clear from this analysis that the major common concern of such systems is scalability. A DFS should be extendable with the minimum cost and effort. In addition, data availability and fault tolerance remains among the major concerns of DFS. Many systems tend to use non expensive hardware for storage. Such condition will expose those systems to frequent or usual breakdowns. To these mechanisms, data striping and lock mechanisms are added to manage and optimize concurrent access to the data. Also, Working on multiples operating systems can bring big advantages to any of those DFS. None of these systems can be considered as the best DFS in the market, but rather each of them is excellent in the scope that it was designed for. Table 2 Comparative table of most important characteristics of distributed file storage GFS by Google GPFS IBM HDFS Blobseer AFS (OPEN FS) Data Scalability YES YES YES YES YES Meta Data Scalability NO YES NO YES NO Fault tolerance Fast Recovery.Chunk Replication.Master Replication. Clustering features.   Synchronous and asynchronous data replication. Block Replication.Secondary NameNode. Chunk ReplicationMeta data replication NO Data access Concurrency Optimized for concurrent   appends Distributed byte range locking Files have strictly one writer at any time YES Byte-range file locking Meta Data access Concurrency Master shadows on read only Centralizedmanagement NO YES NO Snapshots YES YES YES YES NO Versioning YES unknown NO YES NO Data Striping 64 MB Chunks YES YES (Data blocks of 64 MB) 64 MB Chunks NO Storage as Blobs NO NO NO YES NO Supported OS LINUX AIX, Red Hat, SUSE , Debian Linux distributions, Windows Server 2008 Linux and Windows supported , BSD, Mac OS/X, Open Solaris known to work LINUX AIX, Mac OS X, Darwin, HP-UX, Irix, Solaris, Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, NetBSD OpenBSD Dedicated cache NO YES by AFM technology YES (Client) NO YES []  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   John Gantz and David Reinsel. THE DIGITAL UNIVERSE IN 2020: Big Data, Bigger Digital Shadows, and Biggest Growth in the Far East. Tech. rep. Internet Data Center(IDC), 2012. [2]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   OpenAfs : www.openafs.org/ [3]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Monali Mavani : Comparative Analysis of Andrew Files System and Hadoop Distributed File System, 2013. [4]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Stefan Leue : Distributed Systems Fall, 2001 [5]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Sanjay Ghemawat, Howard Gobioff, and Shun-Tak Leung Google* : The Google File System. [6]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Blobseer: blobseer.gforge.inria.fr/ [7]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Hadoop: hadoop.apache.org/ [8]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Konstantin Shvachko, Hairong Kuang, Sanjay Radia, Robert Chansler Yahoo!: The Hadoop Distributed File System, 2010. [9]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dhruba Borthakur : HDFS Architecture Guide, 2008. [0]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Bogdan Nicolae, Gabriel Antoniu, Luc Boug_e, Diana Moise, Alexandra, Carpen-Amarie : BlobSeer: Next Generation Data Management for Large Scale Infrastructures, 2010. [1]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Doug Beaver, Sanjeev Kumar, Harry C. Li, Jason Sobel, Peter Vajgel, Facebook Inc: Finding a needle in Haystack: Facebooks photo storage, [2]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Scott Fadden,   An Introduction to GPFS Version 3.5, Technologies that enable the management of big data, 2012. [3]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Bogdan Nicolae,Diana Moise, Gabriel Antoniu,Luc Boug ´e, Matthieu Dorier : BlobSeer: Bringing High Throughput under Heavy Concurrency to Hadoop Map-Reduce Applications, 2010.

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

Lord of the Flies opens with the introduction of a small group of English boys that are marooned on an island. The plane was evacuating them from atomic war-ridden England. This is a suiting time for this novel to be written- it shows how savage even little boys can be, and that adults are no different, with their wars and cruelties. A small society is set up, but Jack starts his own rule, contrary to Ralph's leadership. The boys turn on each other, eventually killing Simon in the middle of a hunting dance, and smashing a boulder on Piggy. The choice of "young English lads" is perfect- if, perhaps, "foreign ruffians" were chosen, a stereotypical person might expect cruel and savage behavior. On the contrary, these boys were the "cream of the crop", and all it took was a little trouble on an island to turn them into killing machines. The time is one that the world is turning on each other, and the boys follow suit and turn on each other. Their society is an ironic model of the real world around them. Many countries today are turning on each other, with violent wars and cruelties. Lord of the Flies shows one that mankind must choose to stop cruelty or face destruction. Many people do not believe in violence or cruelty, unless they are in power. When humans strive for power, they get so power hungry that the power backfires. When one is in total control power, one often turns into a more savage person than that same person that is under a rule or with the absence of a ruler does. Humans were not meant to be ruled or to rule. To coexist is mankind's purpose, yet with no rule, there is often an absence of order, but with a human rule, there is always conflict in society. Society today has order, but violence is also prevalent. Near the end of the novel, many of the boys start a fire to smoke out Ralph, and that same fire gets bigger and bigger and eventually is what a ship sees and saves Ralph's life and rescues the boys. What at first was made to bring the death of Ralph later saved him. In human society, and even in the animal kingdom, violent acts may turn into a salvation. Many animals must kill one another to eat.

Promote Positive Behaviour Essay

In this assignment I am going to explain my understanding about, legislation, frameworks, codes of practice and policies relate to positive behaviour support. Understand the context and use of proactive and reactive strategies. Be able to promote positive Behaviour Be able to Respond Appropriately to Incidents of Challenging Behaviour. People with learning disabilities show behaviours which present a significant challenge for those caring for them. Such behaviours may include aggression, destructive behaviours or self-harm. Individuals with more severe disabilities and those with additional disabilities such as sensory impairment’s and communication disorders are more likely to demonstrate challenging behaviour. Many forms of challenging behaviour are thought of as being functional and adaptive responses to challenging situations, in that they serve as a way of communication with the people with whom they interact (e.g. stopping unwanted attention, attracting attention or attempting to explain they are experiencing pain). Some forms of challenging behaviour may be linked to mental health problems, such as depression. The most important way in the reduction of challenging behaviour is for the individual to have a thorough assessment to find out the function of the behaviour. This is known as a functional behavioural assessment and is used to create an individual’s support plan. Positive behaviour support aims to teach the individual new behaviours and enable them to achieve what they want to achieve. Understand how legislation, frameworks, codes of practice and policies relate to positive behaviour support. In all aspects of my role I am regulated by my company’s policies and government legislation. The human rights act 1998, the disabled person act 1986, disability and discrimination act 1996, Health and safety at work act 1974, the equality act 2010. I have been trained in Mandatory courses, for example protecting vulnerable adults(safeguarding) Strategies for Crisis intervention and pr evention (S.C.I.P) Autism Awareness, and working safely, making sure I understand the legal policies put in place to provide the best care for the people who I support. S.C.I.P focuses on positive techniques and how to deescalate behaviour. Read more:  Essay About Promote Positive Behaviour This allows staff to be consistent in their approach when dealing with challenging behaviour. By following the S.C.I.P policy I am able to  reinforce positive behaviour and good skills in listening and learning as well as helping the individuals that I support feel safe and secure knowing that I am able to deal with their behaviours if they occur. Restrictive interventions are defined as any method which restricts the movement of an individual by physical means, including mechanical means (using straps) physical (holding) chemical restraint (using drugs). For example I support an individual who is prescribed medication (Lorazepam) by his physiatrist, to be used when he starts to become agitated. This is given to the customer as a last resort, when we have explored all other options for example is he in pain? Restrictive interventions should only be used as a matter of urgency to prevent imminent and serious harm to the individual or other people, be used in the best interests of th e person with learning disabilities, and only used alongside other strategies to help people learn to behave in non-challenging ways. Interventions need to be used in a context of a risk assessment. Incidents should be investigated and followed up, ensuring staff and customers get sufficient post-intervention support, risk assessments should be reviewed regularly to identify factors contributing to incidents, and associated action must be taken, to reduce those risks. Planned interventions should be agreed in advance at a multi-disciplinary meeting by relevant professionals working in consultation with the customer, his or her carers, and an independent advocate if appropriate. They should be implemented under the supervision of an identified member of staff who has relevant qualifications, training and experience and recorded in writing, so that the method of intervention and the circumstances when its use has been agreed are clearly understood. Behaviour support plans should be routinely reviewed by having team meetings, support plan reviews and risk assessment reviews. If it is agreed that a customer will require some form of intervention, there must be an up-to-date copy of a written protocol included in the person’s individual support plan and staff should be regularly trained and receive updates regarding an individual’s behaviour support plan because there may be a change in how to support a customer. The use of a restrictive intervention, whether planned or unplanned (emergency) must always be recorded. In the day centre where I work the policy and procedures are to inform the manager on duty who will usually provide support for the customer  involved as well as other customers in the centre, ensuring they are all safe. Offer staff support making sure an independent person checks for injuries and records them. The member of staff involved in using a restrictive intervention should: Record the incident, completing an incident report form, star chart and RIDDOR (Report of suspicious Diseases or Dangerous Occurrences) form. Record the incident in the individual’s logs. Inform carers/ family members. Have a post incident meeting with Manager and the staff involved. Make referrals to specialist services for example Derby City, Proactive S.C.I.P Instructors. Inform the customer’s Social worker/ care manager. Before intervening, the member of staff should ask themselves, is there another way to manage the situation and ensure everyone’s safety? If a person has to use intervention they should do it in the least restrictive way possible to prevent the individual from being hurt and all other options have been explored. A restrictive intervention can feel very intimidating to a vulnerable person who is unable to control themselves. By not exploring other options first, there is a risk that the situation can escalate, causing more damage. For example I support a customer who will be happily smiling, singing and interacting with people, her facial expressions and body language will suddenly change. She will begin to spit, hit out, stand up and try to kick other individuals or damage objects. The individual displayed these behaviours to a member of staff who was supporting her. The member of staff did not explore other options first or follow her behaviour support plan and used a restrictive intervention to deal with her negative behaviour. The situation escalated and the customer became more anxious, damaged property and the staff member became injured. In my opinion if the member of staff had followed the customer’s guidelines and offered calmness, communication and distraction, the incident may not have escalated. We must also use minimum intervention to encourage the customers to trust individuals who are supporting them this helps to form positive relationships with each other and also staff will not be feared. Understand the context and use of proactive and reactive strategies. The difference between proactive and reactive strategies is that proactive  strategies are put into place to avoid any problematic or foreseeable situations and a reactive strategy is a response to a situation that has already happened. In my own work role the reactive strategies that are used are based on the results of an individual’s functional behaviour assessment and the support put into place. Everyone involved in an individual’s care should be involved in creating the behaviour support plan this should include writing a description of the behaviours and working out a reason for the behaviours. Proactive Strategies are used to make sure that the person has got what they need. They also describe ways to teach the person communication and other skills. Examples of proactive strategies that I use include: Teaching the individual skills for example Makaton signs for â€Å"finished† â€Å"Thank you† â€Å"Good† Using communication charts with sig ns, symbols or pictures which also outlines the routine for that day. The environment for example dims the lights, tying hair back to stop the individual from pulling hair. Rewards Routine and Structure Boundaries Giving the individual access to preferred activities Making sure that a person’s cultural and religious needs are being met Reactive strategies are designed to keep the individual and those around them safe. Examples that I use include: I don’t respond to the behaviour, if you ignore the behaviour sometimes it stops as the individual wants a reaction I give the individual reminders I distract the individual, by offering a different activity I give the individual what they want for example a drink or a biscuit Ask the Individual if they are in feeling ill or they are in pain. Remove myself from the situation for example leave the room, making sure I am still supporting the customer from a safe distance. Ask another member of staff if they will assist the customer as sometimes another person can be more productive. The importance of identifying patterns of behaviour or triggers that will result in challenging behaviour is that early warning signs can be spotted and acted upon before the behaviour happens or escalates. Factors that can lead to mood changes include: Body Temperature, is the customer too  hot, too cold. Over sensory stimulation Lack of choice, boredom, Limited communication or understanding Over stimulation through noise A general disruption to a customer’s routine Overcrowding? For example are there too many people in one activity for the customer to be able to cope with. Provocation by other people, for example if a customer is showing signs of disruption they need to be removed from the situation before it escalates. The importance of maintaining a person centred approach when establishing proactive strategies is that challenging behaviours are an individual thing, the causes and triggers differ according to each individual, as do their reactions and degree of severity. I therefore feel it is important when planning strategies for dealing with challenging behaviour that we ensure they are just as individual as the triggers. No two people will respond in the same way to established strategies. In my own experience, a one size fits all approach does not work and does not show the ability to adapt and respond. By responding to customers behaviours in different ways to each other not only shows that we can identify and recognise each individuals strengths and incorporate them into the strategies planned for that individual, it also tells the individual that you are supporting that they have value and worth and no matter how challenging their behaviour may be, there is always something positive to build on. Reinforcing positive behaviour with individuals can improve their behaviour. Positive reinforcement is a powerful and effective way to help shape and change behaviour. Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating item to the individual after the desired behaviour is shown, making the behaviour more likely to happen in the future. When I am supporting customers i praise them using speech and Makaton, for example when an individual has washed their hands, put their dirty dinner plates on the trolley, thrown something in the bin, put an item away they have been using in an activity. I use praise â€Å"Thank you†, â€Å"please†, â€Å"well done† which is effective when reinforcing positive behaviour. Using an incentive also works in reinforcing positive behaviour, for example a customer who i  support likes football and cricket. When the customer shows positive behaviour he will get a trip out to the cricket ground to watch a match and have his packed lu nch there, or to the football ground to have a cup of tea and a cake. Using reactive strategies can have an impact on an individual’s wellbeing. For example i support customers who display challenging behaviour’s. A previous manager asked one of my colleagues and me to assist a customer to go out for a walk. The customer is extremely afraid of dogs he will scream and run when he sees one. This is because he was bitten by a dog when he went on holiday to India. Whilst we were out walking, the customer saw a dog in the distance and began to scream and run towards a busy main road. Both my colleague and I ran after the customer shouting â€Å"stop†. When we managed to catch up with the customer we had to restrain the customer using S.C.I.P (strategies for crisis intervention and prevention) because the customer was in danger of running into the road and getting hurt or even killed. The customer was very upset; he was shaking, sweating, crying, and screaming. When we got back into the centre the customer was upset and angry for the rest of the day. He displayed the need for more sensory stimulation by rocking back and forth and flapping his hands. The customer became very vocal and began making loud noises, (which had an effect on other customers) he also began to barge into other people. This in itself is not being proactive as we did not explore other options first or even prepare the customer for going out for a walk. What I feel should have happened is photographs of dogs should have been used and pat dog should have been brought into the centre(as it is a safe environment) on numerous occasions to begin the process of helping the customer to overcome his phobia of dogs. This had an effect on the customer’s wellbeing because he would not get out of bed in the morning and would refuse to come into the centre. He would not eat his food and if he saw a dog through the window he would scream. In my opinion, we put the customer through unnecessary anxiety and stress. Be able to promote positive behaviour. There are a range of factors that may be associated with challenging behaviours these Include: Illness, Pain, Medication, The need for sensory stimulation or sensory overload Seeking interaction, Staff not working consistently, Staff not following customer guidelines, Communication difficulties, Past experiences that have happened to the individual, The environment being too hot or too cold, Boredom Lack of boundaries or goals, Mental and physical health, Bereavement! Phobia The goal of using proactive strategies on mitigating challenging behaviours is to reduce the future probability of the behaviour. It helps if proactive strategies are identified when supporting customers who display challenging behaviours. Risk Assessments means evaluating the consequences and likelihood of challenging behaviour, it identifies measures to help avoid, mitigate or control the risks. The risk assessment should take into account of personal, environmental or situational factors which increase the likelihood of challenging behaviours. To reduce risks associated with challenging behaviour we need to identify the emotional, physical and psychological needs of the customer. Dignity and respect is important and where possible a customer should have choices concerning their care. A strategy for reducing risks also requires communication between staff to form an understanding of an individual’s behaviour and what they need to do to prevent the behaviours. Other services, family/carers should also be involved in discussions and decision making. A crucial part of managing risk is to understand the reasons for the behaviour so that strategies can be put into place for example: What is causing the distress? What are we doing that is leading to the distress? What can we do differently? It is important to highlight praise when supporting customers so that we can reinforce positive behaviour. I feel it is important to offer praise to a  customer I am supporting, immediately after they have demonstrated a skill, this will hopefully learn to make an association between the skill and the reward which means the customer will start to use the skill more often. For example a customer who I support is very impatient and does not like to wait. The individual has to share a toilet with other customers. In the past when another customer is using the toilet, the individual has kicked the toilet door and started pulling on the handle; she would scream and try to attack the other customer when they have come out. In the individuals behaviour support plan it is highlighted how to support the customer if the situation arises. The protocol is, if another customer is using the toilet ask K to wait using speech, Makaton and picture signs explain what is happening and why. Keep reminding K and also use praise.† Well done K for waiting†. K will smile and wait patiently. This has and is working well and has created positive reinforcement as K will now stand away from the door and say â€Å"wait† without being reminded or prompted. It is still important to praise K and not become too complacent because of the risk that K can become challenging again in this situation and regress. It is essential that everyone working with challenging behaviour develop a general understanding of promoting positive behaviour. In my opinion a consistent and proactive approach should be followed rather than reacting negatively to situations. Strategies should be in place that allows us to work positively with individuals and focus on their achievements rather than highlighting their inappropriate behaviour. Staff communicating with each other and sharing ideas and information is vital. In our centre we have daily half hour team briefings where we can discuss the events of the day. The meetings are also used to discuss all customers we have been supporting whether they have had a good day or bad day. Have there been any incidents that have happened, any new information about a customer? Have Colleagues had a good day? We share information and ideas about working with individual customers and share what worked and what didn’t work when dealing with challenging behaviour. I key work a customer who displays challenging behaviour, he will shout, swear, bang his fists on the table, threaten to smash a window and threaten to hit a person. This is usually when he has dropped an item on the floor and been asked to pick it up, or he is not feeling very well, there is too much noise, something has happened at home or on the bus that morning. The  individual has got a behaviour support plan which I ask staff to read and sign which enables everyone to understand his guidelines on how to support him. I have monthly meetings so that we can share ideas, information, what’s working/ not working. Is there any new behaviour or any behaviour that have resurfaced? What can we do better? We discuss activities that the customer appears to like and dislike. It is important for colleagues to support each other when a customer is displaying challenging behaviour. Where possible I ask my colleague if they need any assistance or time out for me to take over, especially if they have been injured by the customer. Blaming the member of staff is not helpful or constructive for example I have witnessed colleagues in the past say â€Å"he doesn’t behave like that when he is supported by me, what they have done to make him like that?† We must all share our experiences, skills, knowledge, thoughts and ideas with each other . How can we promote positive behaviour with our customers if we do not promote it within our staff team? Be able to respond appropriately to incidents of challenging behaviour Challenging behaviour shows there is some need being unfulfilled or a problem with communication. Behaviour is challenging if it causes harm to the individual or others. There are different types of challenging behaviour these include: Spitting, self-harm, aggression (physical, verbal, mental, emotional) destruction (breaking furniture, tearing things up) Shouting, swearing, biting self and others, eating inedible objects, smearing faeces, soiling and urinating in odd places, stripping clothes off, eye poking, hand biting, pulling own hair and others, hitting others and self, Threatening or hitting others with objects, inappropriate sexualised behaviour, destruction of clothing. An appropriate response to challenging behaviour depends on the type of behaviour that is being exhibited by the individual. My opinion on the response to this behaviour should be consistent, fair, so not to cause any further disruption to a group session or the individual, thus calming the situation and the customer using this behaviour. A proactive response is likely to be more effective than one that is merely reactive. When responding to incidents of challenging behaviour it is important to ensure that an individual’s behaviour support plan is followed as no two people are the same. A behaviour support plan describes situations that an individual finds difficult and what others can do to help them cope with distress. They are a  very useful way of encouraging staff supporting the person to respond consistently. The plan should include Strategies to encourage staff to respond to the first signs of distress and resolve issues before they escalate. This helps to ensure that the least restrictive interventions are being used and the strategies being used are in proportion to the level of risk. The behaviour plan should include: Triggers –What can cause the individual distress? In Specific situations, places, activities, changes, sensory issues (noise, touch, smell?) Proactive strategies – How can staff support the person to cope with these triggers? Early warning signs- How do we know the person is becoming distressed? Are the First signs- body language, facial expression, language, behaviours, and tone of voice? What can help the individual calmer at this time? Medium intensity behaviours – What might the individual do at this stage? Are there Specific behaviours and who might be at risk? What should staff do at this time? Things we can do to prevent the situation from getting worse. What can staff do to ensure everyone is safe? High intensity behaviours – What might the individual do at this stage? Are there specific behaviours? How long they may last and who is at risk What should staff do at this time? What can staff do to ensure everyone is safe? Often the best course of action is to withdraw and leave the customer in a safe area to calm down on their own (But this may not be the case for some individuals) When responding to an incident of challenging behaviour it is important to ensure a customer’s dignity and respect are maintained. Try to speak in a calm and clear voice using language that the individual understands this could be in the form of signs and symbols, makaton, photographs. Speak calmly, quietly and as sertively Avoid threatening body postures such as standing in front or above the individual Avoid what may be classed as threatening gestures such as pointing or waving, arms folded across the body. Avoid threatening facial expressions. Avoid shouting or raising your voice. Avoid giving orders or continually repeating requests. Try to disperse any audience. Ask the individual if they would like to go into a quieter area if possible. Consider adopting a posture which reduces your size (sitting, crouching and moving away) Be aware of gender, cultural difference. Avoid belittling and talking to others negatively about the customer. Avoid forcing compliance. Actively listen to the customer and respect their wishes and feelings. Avoid unnecessary physical contact.  Following an incident of challenging behaviour by an individual it should be recorded in their personal file. A detailed written log must be written which should be dated, timed and signed by the member of staff. An incident report form and star chart must be completed. On the star chart we use the A.B.C approach (Antecedent, Behaviour, and Consequence.) Antecedent – What occurs before the behaviour and what may have triggered it. The antecedents are all the relevant things that happened before the behaviour occurred. They can also be considered as triggers for the behaviour such as, things that other people said, emotional state (depressed, tired, anxious.) The environment (is it too hot or noisy cramped, smell, bright lights?) Behaviour –What happens during the behaviour, what does it look like? Consequences – What are the immediate and delayed reactions from everyone involved? Consequences can be pleasant or unpleasant. A pleasant consequence will reinforce the behaviour. (When I yell, everyone gives me what I want)While a negative consequence will discourage behaviour (When I yell everyone ignores me completely) a consistent response from everyone to challenging behaviour can have a very strong effect. Parents/carers are also informed via a customer’s communication book at the end of each day or telephoned. Staff are involved in a team briefing, daily, to be kept informed of any concerns or incidents. In our centre we also have a traffic light system, using laminated cards, they inform people to be cautious or take action. Green- No concerns Amber-Be aware Red- There has been a Serious Incident. A manager is informed whenever the cards are on amber or red. Be able to support individuals and others following an incident of challenging behaviour. I had an incident of challenging behaviour from a male customer who I support on a one to one basis. B is prescribed P.R.N medication by his GP for when necessary, these being Paracetamol for pain and discomfort and Lorazepam for anxiety. B is known to become very agitated and anxious and will slap others very hard without warning. B has his breakfast at the centre each morning when he arrives, as I was preparing his breakfast B became very agitated and anxious slapping me very hard on my arm. After following B’s behaviour support plan and exploring all of the options listed, I asked B if he was in pain offering him Paracetamol if he needed it but he shook his head as a negative. Cooling him down by removing his sweater I offered sensory consisting of a weighted blanket and calm relaxing music. None of the above options worked so B was given Lorazepam as a last resort resulting in B’s behaviour improving over time. I also used the traffic light system, as stated earlier in this assignment. To Support an individual to return to a calm state: Use Reassurance and Praise. Provide whatever support that is needed; give individual some space if that is what they want. Behave in a non-judgemental way, even if you might not feel like that. Don’t discuss the behaviour with the individual at this point, unless they want to. Support the customer to continue to recover and calm down. I key work a male customer and support him to access his choice of activities. S enjoys going outside in the garden to feed the birds. As part of the activity S and myself make a flask of tea, sit in a poly tunnel looking at bird magazines before we venture out to feed them. I was asked to support another customer (M) at the same time, as we were short staffed and to involve him in the activity. I explained to S that M would be joining us. S was not happy with this and became very distressed, he started to swear, bang on the table using his fist and bite on his own arm. The staff that should have been supporting M had changed the routine for that day and decided to support two other customers in taking them out in a car. I tried  to calm the situation down by speaking calmly and quietly to S reassuring him that it was just for that day. S continued to display the same behaviours and would not join in the activity, beginning to cry and shout† I don’t want to do it with M I want you to do it† I continued to reassure S who by this time was threatening to hit me. Another member of staff came to my assistance, supported M whilst I continued to support S. S stopped the behaviour and became very quiet with his head down. When I felt S was calm enough for us to be able to talk about the situation together he began to cry saying he wanted the activity to be just Himself and I. I reassured S, in future, the activity would be himself and either I or another member of staff. I asked S if he still wanted to do the activity, he replied â€Å"NO† When S becomes agitated and upset he will refuse to take part in one of his activities and will realise later on in the day that he has missed out. After the incident S became very withdrawn, appeared sad, would not engage in conversation, sat with his head down and would cry throughout the day. After the incident not only did S show complex feelings both M and I also felt different emotions. M became withdrawn, would not engage in conversation or activities, eat his lunch or enter a room S was in, and a lso wanted to be on his own, appearing anxious and frightened. I asked M if he wanted to talk to me or another member of staff about his feelings but he declined. I had a release of adrenaline my heart was racing; body was shaking, I felt angry frustrated, fearful, tired upset and wanted to cry. I sought help and advice from my immediate manager and explained how the incident had made the two customers and me feel. My manager actively listened and took action by informing staff that a clear plan needs to be put into place when changing activities and when we are short staffed the activity sheet needs to be followed. I feel the situation could and should have been avoided, other customers’ activities were disrupted, their needs were not met they had unnecessary upset which resulted in an individual displaying challenging behaviour. After an incident of challenging the steps that should be taken to check for injuries are: Everyone involved in the incident should be checked thoroughly for injuries by a member of staff (preferably a first aider) who was not involved in the incident. In case of any injuries being noticed, immediate action sh ould be taken to seek the appropriate medical help. Injuries should be recorded and reported using the  centres procedures. An incident report form, body map and dangerous occurrence form should be completed. Parents/ carers should be informed. Be able to review and revise approaches to promoting positive behaviour. Working with others is important if individuals that we support are to receive good, consistent support. Family carers and close friends are important when we are thinking about partnership working. It shows respect and also values other people’s contributions, different people possess different skills which help good support, it can help with problem solving and creative thinking, and partners have different information about a person they can share with others. Working with others to review and examine information which relates to positive behaviour support should include gathering information about incidents from a variety of sources. Information can be gathered from, A.B.C charts (As mentioned earlier in this assignment, promote positive behaviour) in notes from meetings, and debrie fs incident report forms and logs. It is important to promote proactive positive behaviour support and analyse the risk assessment process; whenever there is a review the risk assessment should be revisited and adjusted where necessary. There must be continuous monitoring and review of the individual’s behaviour as sometimes physical interventions or restrictive practices are used in an emergency. To be able to work with others to review the approaches to promoting positive behaviour it is important for managers to check and update policies and organisation practice against current good practice guidelines. Reflection begins when I pause to think back after something unexpected or out of the ordinary has happened. I replay the happenings, incident or event in my head and think about it more. My thoughts begin to change from a sequence of events into a series of questioning thoughts such as; why did it happen that way? And how could I have behaved or done things differently? If I do something that way, what is likely to happen? Reflection helps me to share my ideas with others who are experiencing similar incidents of challenging behaviour which can help improve the promotion of positive behaviour. It also helps you avoid making the same mistake again, for example, as mentioned earlier in this assignment whilst I was supporting B and preparing his breakfast, he hit me. On reflection I questioned why I had taken him in the kitchen with me and should have asked for assistance from another member of staff to prepare his  breakfast. My manager has updated B’s support plan and informed staff that when B has his breakfast prepared the member of staff supporting him must ask colleagues for assistance keeping B out of the kitchen. In my opinion Individuals with the label of challenging behaviour are one of the most vulnerable groups in society. They are often labelled as complex and are at high risk of abuse, neglect and exclusion. Despite some progress in policies and practice that advocate personalisation, the evidence for successful approaches in challenging behaviour is weak. Challenging behaviour is still too often viewed as located within the individual rather than the wider social and physical environment. The appalling events that led to the closure of Winterbourne View hospital in Bristol in 2011 were the latest in a very long line of similar cases that have occurred over many decades. The aim of the winterbourne review was to look into what happened so that lessons can be learned and look into how people with challenging behaviour are supported all over the united kingdom.